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Set on an island off the Scottish coast, To the Lighthouse minutely examines the fleeting impressions of a large cast of family, friends, lovers, and hangers-on. Who can we be, Virginia Woolf invites us to ask, if no one can ever know our hearts—if they’re unknowable even to ourselves? To the Lighthouse remains one of the most important Modernist novels, exquisitely composed by one of the most gifted writers of the Modernist movement.

The opening section follows the passage of a day with a thwarted objective: to go to the nearby lighthouse. The concluding section revisits this expedition a decade later, when so much is irrevocably changed, as a chance to glimpse interpersonal understandings and connections. The novel provides a brilliant example of stream-of-consciousness writing, and raises questions that provoke us still: questions about whether children are the fullest realization of one’s posterity, how women artists are regarded socially, and how money and status enable—or close off—networks, relationships, and the dreams we hold most dear.

As masterful as its technique is, however, the lasting value of this novel for twenty-first-century readers may be its sharp representation of the emotional labor that people—particularly women—perform in order to manage the needs and expectations of others. Woolf wrote in an age when women’s participation in society was tightly restricted by class norms and stultifying domesticity. Nearly a century later, scholars still have a great deal to say about Mrs. Ramsay, Lily Briscoe, and the tension between Mr. Ramsay and his son James.

Woolf’s fifth novel, and one of her most successful books both critically and commercially, To the Lighthouse was originally published in 1927, simultaneously in England and the United States. Due to a quirk in the management and correction of the proofs, according to scholar Hans Walter Gabler, the two editions were “not identical, since in a significant number of instances Virginia Woolf marked up the first proofs differently” for her two publishers. The Standard Ebooks edition is based primarily on the Hogarth UK edition.

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Wieland, the first novel by Charles Brockden Brown, is set in the years following the French and Indian War on the Pennsylvania frontier. Clara Wieland recounts the experiences of her close-knit family on their secluded estate near Philadelphia, where, in the shadow of their father’s strange and unexplained death, they attempt to build a life shaped equally by religious devotion and Enlightenment rationalism. Their domestic tranquility begins to unravel when members of the household have unsettling encounters with disembodied voices. Following the arrival of Carwin, a wandering stranger with a mysterious origin and uncertain motives, the household’s descent into suspicion, fanaticism, and catastrophe accelerates.

Published in 1798, Wieland is generally regarded as the first major American Gothic novel. Brown drew on the traditions of European Gothic fiction, but placed his story in the setting of the early American republic. He focused on themes of religious fanaticism, psychological distress, and the subjectivity of sensory perception. The novel was highly influential on later American writers, particularly Edgar Allan Poe, and helped establish many elements of later psychological horror fiction.

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